For diabetes patients, who can't produce their own insulin, human stem cell-based transplants that produce insulin would be a major breakthrough. But current laboratory methods of culturing human stem cells result in very limited quantities, far short of the quantities necessary for therapeutic applications. For that reason, Emmanouhl (Manolis) Tzanakakis, Ph.D., is striving to boost the numbers of stem cells produced in the laboratory, expanding the pool of cells that eventually can be differentiated into insulin-producing cells.